Uugaq’s Unique Encounter with Phrenology in 1854 New York

In a remarkable chapter of history, Uugaq, an Inuk hunter, visited a phrenologist in New York City on December 14, 1854. This visit to the Fowlers and Wells’ Phrenological Cabinet marked a peculiar intersection of science and pseudoscience during the 19th century, a time when phrenology was gaining popularity.

Phrenology, a discipline developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall around 1800, proposed a controversial theory linking the shape of the human skull to personality traits and character. Proponents believed that the brain was divided into areas responsible for various attributes, including self-esteem and aggression. Trained phrenologists claimed they could “read bumps” on an individual’s head to reveal their character and even predict tendencies toward criminal behavior.

During Uugaq’s examination by Dr. Fowler, a leading figure in phrenology, the doctor noted that Uugaq’s head shape resembled that of a European, which he interpreted as a sign that Uugaq was “less savage, revengeful and cruel” compared to the typical North American Indian. This evaluation reflects the prevailing attitudes of the time, often steeped in racial stereotypes.

The report continued with insights into Uugaq’s character, stating, “He has more affection, friendship, love of wife and children, and interest in family and domestic enjoyment than the Indians generally have.” Such observations may have stemmed from Uugaq’s significant distance from home, suggesting he might have felt homesick.

Dr. Fowler’s findings also indicated that Uugaq was “very fond of his wife” and had a strong local attachment. His mental faculties were characterized as slow to mature but persistent, indicating that he would take time to develop ideas before acting on them. The doctor observed traits of combativeness, noting that Uugaq could be impulsive yet was not vengeful.

Interestingly, the report highlighted Uugaq’s honesty, ambition, and sensitivity to others’ opinions, while also mentioning that he lacked qualities such as pride and a haughty demeanor. The dichotomy of attributes noted in the examination reflects the complex social perceptions of Indigenous people at that time.

Dr. Fowler further assessed Uugaq’s perceptive abilities, stating that he had “good observation” and could draw and copy well, which could indicate potential as a marksman. His memory for places was exceptional, although he had a poor recollection of colors and events. Notably, the report claimed that Uugaq possessed a “better digestion than the white man,” a curious assertion that underscores the exotic perceptions of health in phrenological studies.

Following this unusual visit, Uugaq returned to Groton, Connecticut, with Sidney O. Budington, a veteran whaler. He spent Christmas with Budington’s family, awaiting the arrival of spring. On April 11, 1855, Uugaq boarded the Georgiana once more, returning to his home in Frobisher Bay.

This narrative not only highlights the peculiarities of 19th-century science and societal beliefs but also serves as a reminder of the complexities surrounding Indigenous identity and representation during that era. Today, Uugaq’s experience stands as a historical curiosity, reflecting outdated views that have since been challenged and debunked.

Kenn Harper, a historian with extensive experience in the Arctic, reflects on these events in his column, “Taissumani,” which aims to shed light on historical occurrences of interest. Harper’s works, including titles such as *Give Me Winter, Give Me Dogs: Knud Rasmussen and the Fifth Thule Expedition*, contribute to the understanding of Inuit history and culture. Feedback and inquiries can be directed to him at [email protected].