Urgent Report Warns Digitalization Poses Risks to Democracies

UPDATE: A new report from the University of Basel reveals alarming insights about the impact of rapid digitalization on democracies. Released by the university’s Public Institutions and Administration Research Forum (e-PIAF), the report warns that hasty government digital transformations could elevate the risk of autocratic developments and power concentration.

Just announced, this critical monitoring report highlights the experiences of Switzerland, Germany, Estonia, and the United Kingdom as they navigate digital government initiatives. Co-author Christian R. Ulbrich stresses that Switzerland’s more gradual approach may actually bolster democratic values. “Switzerland’s slow, decentralized digital transformation can protect democracy,” he stated in a recent interview.

The report indicates that while Estonia is often lauded for its advanced digital systems, it has faced significant challenges. Since launching its electronic identity system in the early 2000s, Estonia has aimed for 100% digital government services. However, Ulbrich notes that the rapid pace of digitalization has sometimes neglected essential social debates. Notably, the Estonian Police and Border Guard Board faced backlash earlier this year after implementing over 200 automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) cameras to catch offenders.

The report underscores a pressing concern: as new technologies are frequently adopted by intelligence agencies and law enforcement first, the potential for misuse grows. In August, the Data Protection Inspectorate (AKI) mandated compliance with data protection standards following public outcry.

Countries with robust digital frameworks often export these systems to less democratic nations. Ulbrich warns that authoritarian regimes like Saudi Arabia could misuse advanced tools without appropriate data protections. This raises critical questions about global digital policies and the responsibilities of democratic nations in sharing technology.

While Estonia exemplifies rapid digitalization, other countries like Germany have taken a more cautious approach. Germany’s strategy involves multiple stakeholders to prevent power centralization, although this has resulted in increased complexity and slower progress. For instance, Germany allows an alternative identification method alongside its standard e-ID card, further complicating the process.

The UK presents a different challenge. Early adoption of digital solutions has led to dependency on the private sector, particularly firms like Microsoft, raising concerns about data security and public service access. Public services in the UK are heavily reliant on commercial solutions, which may not align with the best interests of democracy.

On the other hand, Switzerland is carving a unique path. Despite not being seen as a digital transformation leader, the country has significant potential for democracy-aligned digitalization. Efforts to digitize courts and parliamentary functions are enhancing transparency. For example, the Swiss Parliament’s introduction of the CuriaPlus database aims to facilitate direct data exchange with official sources, and the Swiss Federal Supreme Court is testing AI tools based on open-source technology.

The report, titled The Road to Automated Democracy, suggests that countries like Switzerland and Germany could potentially surpass Estonia in fostering democracy-friendly digitalization. With Estonia now somewhat locked into its earlier choices, nations that began their digital journeys later can leverage newer technologies and knowledge bases.

As the digital landscape evolves, the implications for democracy are profound. The report is a wake-up call for governments worldwide to consider the risks associated with rapid digitalization. With a significant referendum approaching in Switzerland on September 28, 2025, the stakes for democratic governance are higher than ever.

Stay tuned for more updates on this evolving story, as the intersection of technology and democracy continues to shape our world.