Exploring Maslow’s Evolving Theory of Human Needs

In a recent exploration of societal frameworks, Sheila Wanite Bautz delves into the evolution of Abraham Maslow’s influential theory on human needs, published in 1943 as part of his seminal work, “A Theory of Human Motivation.” This examination, featured in the Prince Albert Daily Herald, aims to illuminate the complexities of Maslow’s model, which has shifted from a rigid five-tier structure to a more fluid eight-tier representation.

Understanding Maslow’s Fluid Hierarchy

Originally, Maslow’s hierarchy categorized human needs into five distinct levels, but he later expanded this to eight, reflecting a richer understanding of human motivation. The theory is divided into two categories: the first four tiers address what are known as deficiency needs, while the upper tiers represent growth needs.

Maslow emphasized the necessity of fulfilling basic physiological requirements, such as food, water, and shelter, as foundational for achieving higher levels of personal development. He noted, “There are usually available various cultural paths to the same goal. Therefore conscious, specific, local-cultural desires are not as fundamental in motivation theory as the more basic, unconscious goals.” This perspective underlines the significance of individual experiences and cultural contexts in shaping personal motivations.

The First Four Tiers: Deficiency Needs

The first tier of Maslow’s hierarchy encompasses biological and physiological needs. These requirements include essential elements such as oxygen, food, water, and shelter. Adults also have a need for appropriate sexual activity for reproduction, which Maslow included as critical for the survival of the human race. Importantly, he acknowledged that the fulfillment of these base needs is crucial; without them, individuals may enter survival mode, where all other motivations fall secondary to securing basic survival.

The second tier addresses safety needs, which encompass security and protection. This includes a stable environment, whether at home, school, or in the community. Economic stability plays a key role here, as does access to healthcare and personal safety from violence and abuse. Maslow argued that a safe environment is essential for individuals to thrive and pursue higher aspirations.

Next, the third tier focuses on belonging and love needs. Maslow contended that when individuals are deprived of social connections—such as friendships, familial relationships, and community ties—they may struggle to achieve emotional well-being. This tier highlights the importance of emotional bonds and social acceptance in fostering a sense of belonging.

The fourth tier relates to esteem needs, which can be divided into two forms: self-esteem and esteem derived from societal recognition. This tier emphasizes the importance of personal achievement and mastery, as well as the respect and recognition one receives from others. Maslow believed that positive self-esteem is rooted in authentic accomplishments rather than superficial validation.

As the renowned French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu stated, “I often say that sociology is a martial art, a means of self-defense.” This encapsulates the power of understanding social dynamics to foster a balanced society. Through the fulfillment of these foundational needs, individuals can transcend to the upper levels of Maslow’s hierarchy, enabling personal growth and self-actualization.

Sheila Wanite Bautz, with her dual Honours BAs in Sociology and English from the University of Saskatchewan, plans to continue this exploration in part two of her series, which will address the upper needs in Maslow’s model. Her work aims to make complex sociological concepts accessible to a broader audience, contributing valuable insights into human motivation and social dynamics.